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The following is a summary of the application of sharia by country. Since the early Islamic states of the eighth and ninth centuries, sharia always existed alongside other normative systems. Most Muslim-majority countries adopt various aspects of sharia. According to BBC, some countries adopt only a few aspects of Sharia, others apply the entire code.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/ihavearightto/four_b/casestudy_art07.shtml )〕 Within Sharia law, some crimes are known as the hudud crimes, for which there are specific penalties specified by Islam. For example, adultery is punished by stoning, fornication and the consumption of alcohol by lashing, and theft by the amputation of limbs. Many predominantly Muslim countries have not adopted hudud penalties in their criminal justice systems.〔 Ali Mazrui stated that "most Muslim countries do not use traditional classical Islamic punishments". The harshest penalties are enforced with varying levels of consistency.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/nigeria/sharia_law.html )〕 The use of flogging is more common compared to punishments like amputations.〔 The adoption and demand for sharia in the legal system of nations with significant Muslim-minorities is an active topic of international debate, and an active goal of Islamist movements globally.〔Lapidus, Ira (1996), ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World edited by Francis Robinson'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 293–298〕 Attempts to introduce or expand sharia have been accompanied by controversy,〔Hamann, Katie (29 December 2009). ("Aceh's Sharia Law Still Controversial in Indonesia" ). Voice of America. Retrieved 19 September 2011. *Iijima, Masako (13 January 2010). ("Islamic Police Tighten Grip on Indonesia's Aceh" ). Reuters. Retrieved 18 September 2011. *("Aceh Sharia Police Loved and Hated" ). ''The Jakarta Post.〕 violence,〔Staff (3 January 2003). ("Analysis: Nigeria's Sharia Split" ). BBC News. Retrieved 19 September 2011. "Thousands of people have been killed in fighting between Christians and Muslims following the introduction of sharia punishments in northern Nigerian states over the past three years". *Harnischfeger, Johannes (2008). p. 16. "When the Governor of Kaduna announced the introduction of Sharia, although non-Muslims form almost half of the population, violence erupted, leaving more than 1,000 people dead." p. 189. "When a violent confrontation loomed in February 200, because the strong Christian minority in Kaduna was unwilling to accept the proposed sharia law, the sultan and his delegation of 18 emirs went to see the governor and insisted on the passage of the bill." *Mshelizza, Ibrahim (28 July 2009). ("Fight for Sharia Leaves Dozens Dead in Nigeria – Islamic Militants Resisting Western Education Extend Their Campaign of Violence" ). ''The Independent''. Retrieved 19 September 2011. *("Nigeria in Transition: Recent Religious Tensions and Violence" ). PBS. *Staff (28 December 2010). ("Timeline: Tensions in Nigeria – A Look at the Country's Bouts of Inter-Religious and Ethnic Clashes and Terror Attacks" ). Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 19 September 2011. "Thousands of people are killed in northern Nigeria as non-Muslims opposed to the introduction of sharia, or Islamic law, fight Muslims who demand its implementation in the northern state of Kaduna.". *Ibrahimova, Roza (27 July 2009). ("Dozens Killed in Violence in Northern Nigeria" ) (video (requires Adobe Flash; 00:01:49)). Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 19 September 2011. "The group Boko Haram, which wants to impose sharia (Islamic law) across the country, has attacked police stations and churches."〕 and even warfare.〔(). ''Library of Congress Country Studies: Sudan:''. "The factors that provoked the military coup, primarily the closely intertwined issues of Islamic law and of the civil war in the south, remained unresolved in 1991. The September 1983 implementation of the sharia throughout the country had been controversial and provoked widespread resistance in the predominantly non-Muslim south ... Opposition to the sharia, especially to the application of hudud (sing., hadd), or Islamic penalties, such as the public amputation of hands for theft, was not confined to the south and had been a principal factor leading to the popular uprising of April 1985 that overthrew the government of Jaafar an Nimeiri". *Marchal, R. (2013), Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war. Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform, pp 331–352 *(【引用サイトリンク】title=PBS Frontline: "Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to "Islamicize" all of Sudan." ) *Tibi, Bassam (2008). ''Political Islam, World Politics and Europe''. Routledge. p. 33. "The shari'a was imposed on non-Muslim Sudanese peoples in September 1983, and since that time Muslims in the north have been fighting a jihad against the non-Muslims in the south."〕 Most countries of the world do not recognize sharia; however, some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe recognize sharia and use it as the basis for divorce, inheritance and other personal affairs of their Islamic population.〔 *Stahnke, Tad and Robert C. Blitt (2005), "The Religion-State Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Predominantly Muslim Countries." Georgetown Journal of International Law, volume 36, issue 4; also see (Sharia Law profile by Country ), Emory University (2011)〕 ==Definition and scope== Sharia law in this article means the moral code and religious law of Islam. It includes criminal, civil, personal, economic and all aspects of law as revealed in Quran and Hadiths; in its strictest and most historically coherent definition, sharia is considered the infallible law of Allah.〔Coulson, N. J. (2011), A history of Islamic law, Aldine, ISBN 978-1412818551〕 The primary sources of sharia are the precepts set forth in the Quranic verses (ayahs), and the example set by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah.〔Esposito, John (2001), Women in Muslim family law, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629085〕 The scope of sharia law includes Islamic law as interpreted by Islamic judges (qadis) with varying responsibilities for the religious leaders. For questions not directly addressed in the primary sources, sharia law includes consensus of the religious scholars (''ulama'') thought to embody the consensus of the Muslim Community (''ijma'').〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Application of sharia law by country」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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